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Rise of the Robots PDF พิมพ์ อีเมล
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วันเสาร์ที่ 27 กุมภาพันธ์ 2016 เวลา 08:54 น.

 
Rise of the Robots 

Rise of the Robots

 
 
 
 

          A robot is a mechanical or virtual artificial agent, usually an electro-mechanical machine that is guided by a computer program or electronic circuitry. Robots can be autonomous or semi-autonomous and range from humanoids such as Honda's Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility (ASIMO) and TOSY's TOSY Ping Pong Playing Robot (TOPIO) to industrial robots, medical operating robots, patent assist robots, dog therapy robots, collectively programmed swarm robots, UAV drones such as General Atomics MQ-1 Predator, and even microscopic nano robots. By mimicking a lifelike appearance or automating movements, a robot may convey a sense of intelligence or thought of its own.
 
 
 
 
          The branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing is robotics. These technologies deal with automated machines that can take the place of humans in dangerous environments or manufacturing processes, or resemble humans in appearance, behavior, and/or cognition. Many of today's robots are inspired by nature contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics. These robots have also created a newer branch of robotics: soft robotics.
 
 
 
 
          From the time of ancient civilization there have been many accounts of user-configurable automated devices and even automata resembling animals and humans, designed primarily as entertainment. As mechanical techniques developed through the Industrial age, there appeared more practical applications such as automated machines, remote-control and wireless remote-control.
 
 
 
 
 
          The word 'robot' was first used to denote a fictional humanoid in a 1921 play R.U.R. by the Czech writer, Karel Čapek. Electronics evolved into the driving force of development with the advent of the first electronic autonomous robots created by William Grey Walter in Bristol, England in 1948. The first digital and programmable robot was invented by George Devol in 1954 and was named the Unimate. It was sold to General Motors in 1961 where it was used to lift pieces of hot metal from die casting machines at the Inland Fisher Guide Plant in the West Trenton section of Ewing Township, New Jersey.
 
 
 
 
          Robots have replaced humans in performing repetitive and dangerous tasks which humans prefer not to do, or are unable to do because of size limitations, or which take place in extreme environments such as outer space or the bottom of the sea.
 
 
 
 
 
          There are concerns about the increasing use of robots and their role in society. Robots are blamed for rising unemployment as they replace workers in increasing numbers of functions. The use of robots in military combat raises ethical concerns. The possibilities of robot autonomy and potential repercussions have been addressed in fiction and may be a realistic concern in the future.
 
 
 
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 
 
 
 

 
 





Rise of the Robots

 

 

Rise of the Robots 

 

 

 

 

 





 Could a robot do my job?

 

 

 

 

Star Wars robots R2D2

Star Wars robots R2D2

 


R2-D2, pronounced Artoo-Detoo and often referred to as Artoo, was an R2 series astromech droid manufactured by Industrial Automaton with masculine programming. A smart, spunky droid serving a multitude of masters over its lifetime, R2 never had a major memory wipe or received new programming resulting in an adventurous and independent attitude. Oftentimes finding himself in pivotal moments in galactic history, his bravery and ingenuity often saved the galaxy time and time again.
 


Beginning his service in the employ of Queen Amidala of Naboo, the droid would wind up serving prodigal Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker during the waning years of the Galactic Republic, often accompanied by the protocol droid C-3PO in many adventures throughout the Clone Wars. After his master's turn to the dark side of the Force, he would eventually serve Senator Bail Organa for a time in the Imperial Senate. Nineteen years following the death of the Galactic Republic, he would play a pivotal role in helping the Alliance to Restore the Republic destroy the Empire's dreaded Death Star, carrying technical readouts essential to its destruction. Serving Jedi Purge survivor Luke Skywalker throughout the Galactic Civil War, he would participate in both the Battles of Hoth and Endor, and would witness the destruction of the Empire's dreaded Death Star II a mere four years after the first space station's destruction.
 
 
 

In the subsequent thirty years, Artoo would accompany Luke Skywalker until the massacre of his attempted resurrection of the Jedi Order. Following Luke's disappearance, Artoo set himself into a self-imposed low power mode as newer droid models started to out-compute the aging astromech. Despite this, his celebrated role in the Rebellion protected him from the usual recycling procedure of many old droids, allowing him a peaceful semi-retirement in the Resistance as he pored over several decades of uninterrupted data, causing him to 'dream' of many of his greatest adventures.

 

 

 

C-3PO

 

 

C-3PO, sometimes spelled See-Threepio and often referred to simply as Threepio, was a 3PO unit protocol droid designed to interact with organics, programmed primarily for etiquette and protocol. He was fluent in over seven million forms of communication, and developed a fussy and worry-prone personality throughout his many decades of operation. Along with his counterpart, the astromech droid R2-D2, C-3PO constantly found himself directly involved in pivotal moments of galactic history, and aided in saving the galaxy on many occasions.
 
 
 
 
C-3PO was built from spare parts by Anakin Skywalker, a human slave who lived in Mos Espa, a city on the Outer Rim world of Tatooine. C-3PO's memory was erased, though R2-D2's memory was not. C-3PO and R2-D2 were assigned to the Alderaan cruiser Tantive IV, where they served senator Bail Organa for nineteen years. At some point during this time, 3PO's right leg was fitted with a mismatched droid plating.


 

 

Rise of the Robots 

Rise of the Robots 

 





ASIMO - Honda's dream machine

 

 

 

 ASIMO - Honda's dream machine

 

ASIMO - Honda's dream machine 

ASIMO - Honda's dream machine

 

 

 

 

Rise of the Robots 

 Rise of the Robots

 

 

 

The shadow robot project 

The shadow robot project

 

 

 

The Terminator (also known as T-800 and T-850) is a fictional autonomous robot from the Terminator franchise. 

The Terminator (also known as T-800 and T-850) is a fictional autonomous robot from the Terminator franchise.

 

 

 

 

Rise of the Robots 

Rise of the Robots

 





 Doc Zone - Roboticize Me (Part 1)

 

 

 

 

 




 Doc Zone - Roboticize Me (Part 2)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


The Grillbot is the world's first barbeque grill cleaning robot.

 

 

 

 

 

Ethan Woods is a New York real estate agent who risks his life savings when he invents the world's first barbeque grill cleaning robot the Grillbot. 
 
 
 
 
The Grillbot is the invention of former real estate agent Ethan Woods. Woods had his eureka moment while scrubbing his grill with a wire brush. He attached the brush to a power drill and the idea for the Grillbot was born.
 
 
 
 
“It's been a dream of mine for most of my adult life to invent a product and bring it to market,” says Woods. “After some research it was clear there was a very large market for something like this. So I started by contacting engineers and prototype development companies and they all said it couldn't be done. It was just too difficult with the heat issue on a grill and you can't make anything move around well enough to cover this type of surface.
 
 
 
 
“Never taking no for an answer, I finally found some very smart German engineers in California who said they could do it. They develop high tech medical equipment, among other things such as pool robots so I decided to give them a chance.”
 
 
 
While pleased with the results after a year, Woods reports the costs were “out of control” so he sent a few existing prototypes to an engineering firm in China. It was a huge risk but one that paid off as after another year of work, design and functionality of the Grillbot improved to Woods' satisfaction.
 
 
 
“So here I am two years into this project and a small fortune gone," he says. "My wife thought I was crazy to invest so much time and money in this venture. She was very worried the first year and a half and only recently with all the attention has become a believer. But finally the launch of the Grillbot is just weeks away. Very exciting!”

 

 GrillBot is a grill-cleaning robot designed to save you elbow grease when clearing up after a barbecue.

 

 

 

 

GrillBot is a grill-cleaning robot designed to save you elbow grease when clearing up after a barbecue. When the barbecue has cooled down enough, you pop the robot on the grill, close the lid and it skitters around scrubbing for you.
 
 
 
GrillBot is a mini autonomous robot. It looks like a cut-down version of a robotic vacuum cleaner. It comes in either black or bright red.
 
 
 
 
Much like a robo vac, it bimbles around in a chaotic fashion rather than having a pre-plotted course. It moves on three rollers that are covered with stiff brass brushes. You can also buy heavier stainless steel brushes for it, ideal for cast iron grills.
 
 
 
 
To use GrillBot, your barbecue must be cool or at least have been cooling down for a good 20 minutes or so – an alarm sounds if the grill is too hot (over 120°C) for GrillBot.

 
 
 
GrillBot is a grill-cleaning robot designed to save you elbow grease when clearing up after a barbecue.

GrillBot is a grill-cleaning robot designed to save you elbow grease when clearing up after a barbecue.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
GrillBot is a grill-cleaning robot designed to save you elbow grease when clearing up after a barbecue. 

 GrillBot 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 




Unsealed Conspiracy Files Rise of the Machines
 
 
 


 
 
Inmoov 3d printed robot 

Inmoov 3d printed robot

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Musio robot 

Musio robot

 
 
 
 
 
 
Female robot receptionist 

 Female robot receptionist

 






 Through the Wormhole - Are Robots the Future of Human Evolution?

 

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
BB-8 Sphero - Star Wars Robot 

BB-8 Sphero - Star Wars Robot

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Pepper  intelligent robot 

Pepper  intelligent robot

 
 
 




 Technology puts robot control in human hands.

 

 

 

 
 
 
 Robear robot cocial

Robear robot cocial

 

 

 

 

 

Robot thor rd darpa 

Robot thor rd darpa

 

 

 

AIBO Robot Dog 

 

           AIBO (Artificial Intelligence Robot, homonymous with aibō (相棒?), "pal" or "partner" in Japanese) is an iconic series of robotic pets designed and manufactured by Sony. Sony announced a prototype robot in mid-1998. The first consumer model was introduced on May 11, 1999. New models were released every year until 2005. Although most models were dog-like, other inspirations included lion-cubs and space explorer, and only the final ERS-7 version was explicitly a "robot dog".

 

 

 

AIBO Robot Dog 

AIBO Robot Dog

 

  

 

Robotic Arm 

Robotic Arm

 

 

Rise of the Robots 

Rise of the Robots

 

 

 The inevitable rise of the robocops

 

Dubai Police will introduce its first robot police officer on May 24, but the Emirate has big plans for the future. By 2030 it wants robots to make up 25% of its police force -- including fully functioning androids capable of chasing down offenders and making arrests.

Dubai Police will introduce its first robot police officer on May 24, but the Emirate has big plans for the future. By 2030 it wants robots to make up 25% of its police force -- including fully functioning androids capable of chasing down offenders and making arrests.

 



 (CNN) Picture : A bleak dystopian future in which humanity is ruled by robots, suppressed by its own creation. Not an original thought, admittedly. Pop culture is filled with examples of robot overlords and android uprisings; of artificial intelligence gone bad.

 

But so far, few -- if any -- of these dystopias begin with mall cops.

 

Dubai Police is about to test these waters in the mildest way possible when it introduces the first of a fleet of robots into its ranks on May 24. Skynet this is not, but with Dubai planning to recruit enough robots to make up 25% of its police force by 2030, it does throw up plenty of questions.

 

Is this a novelty, a PR stunt, or a small step, a slow creep, towards a RoboCop future? As robot intelligence increases and a Russian android learns to shoot guns, the answer is less straightforward than you might think.

 

The lone ranger

 

Writer Isaac Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics are a fictional creation with real-world value:


    A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.

    A robot must obey orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.

    A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.


These 75-year-old laws provide an outline for benign creations, designed for our benefit. They're also to protect us from any potential harm.

 

"I, Robot" (2004), based on a selection of sci-fi shorts by author Isaac Asimov, explores the Three Laws of Robotics. 

 

 


But what if a robot's actions put someone in prison? Does this violate either the First or Second Law, or uphold them? Can a robot do this safely? Should robots -- could robots -- delve into the nuances of criminal law and one day replace the role of humans as arbiters?

 

 

 

This is the ethical debate stirred up by Dubai Police's plans for robot officers.

 

 

Its first step is the Dubai Police Robot, a single unit entering service this week. An adapted REEM humanoid robot, citizens can report crimes to it and kick-start real-life human investigations. But while it may not be able to arrest people -- or chase down suspects for that matter -- Dubai Police is working towards one that can.

 

 

Designed by PAL Robotics of Spain, REEM was first unveiled in 2011. Weighing 220 pounds and 5 feet 6 inches high, the two armed, wheel-based service robot can speak nine languages out of the box and is highly customizable, say its creators.

 


 REEM, designed by PAL-Robotics of Spain.

REEM, designed by PAL-Robotics of Spain.

 

 

"The robot is going to be an interactive service for the people," says Brigadier Khalid Nasser Alrazooqi, general director of the Smart Services Department at Dubai Police and the man responsible for the police robot project.



Citizens can ask the robot questions, pay fines and access a variety of police information via purpose-built software. Its facial recognition technology is only 80% accurate, says Alrzooqi, but the robot's camera eyes will send live feeds to a command control center for analysis.

 

 Dubai Police will introduce its first robot police officer on May 24, 2017

 

After a review period, many more Dubai Police Robots will soon be rolled out. (PAL Robotics declined to share the number of units ordered.)

 

 

"In the first phase it's going to be available (at) all tourist attractions (and) shopping malls in the city," the brigadier says, adding that further units will soon act as receptionists in police stations.

 

 

But this model is only the beginning for Dubai Police.
 

 

 

 

 

 

More human than human?

 

The next stage, already in research and development says Alrazooqi, is to create a "fully-functional robot that can work as (a) normal police officer." He declined to name the companies involved on record.

 

 

"Technology-wise, we are still struggling," he admits, citing the need for greater dexterity -- "robots (that) can run similar to a human being, capturing criminals, carrying weapons."

 

 

"We are still waiting until manufacturers reach that target. We're working very closely with them, and we even provided them (with) all the system requirements," he adds.

 

 

Mobility aside, Alrazooqi might be heartened to see developments elsewhere. In China, the E-Patrol Robot Sheriff, also designed for use in public spaces, was rolled out in February. According to local reports it can cross-reference faces against police databases, and when the robot detects a wanted person it will follow them until the police arrive.

 

 

The E-Patrol Robot Sheriff on duty at Zhengzhou East Railway Station on February 15, 2017, Henan Province, China.

The E-Patrol Robot Sheriff on duty at Zhengzhou East Railway Station on February 15, 2017, Henan Province, China.

 

 If a fully-functional officer sounds like pie in the sky, Dubai Expo 2020 is around the corner and Alrazooqi says the Smart Services Department hopes to have a prototype to show.



Alan Winfield, Professor of Robot Ethics at the University of the West of England, has some reservations.




"There are big ethical problems," he argues. "If you're asking a robot to apprehend criminals, how can you be sure that the robot would not injure people?" Making a robot which safely intervenes in crime-related scenarios would be "extremely difficult," he adds.



In the eventuality that a robot makes a mistake, what then? In July 2016 an egg-shaped mall security robot in California caused a hit-and-run incident with a toddler. There were only minor injuries to the child, but confidence in the robot was dented, causing makers Knightscope to go public on the "freakish accident."

 

"Of course, when humans make mistakes they are held to account," says Winfield. "The problem is that you can't make a machine responsible for its mistakes... How do you punish it? How do you sanction it? You can't."



Chrissie Lightfoot, CEO of Robot Lawyer LISA and a leading figure in the robot law debate, sees vicarious responsibility as a huge issue. If a robot makes a mistake, blame can fall on many people. Its manufacturer, programmer, owner and operator all sit within the liability milieu.


"Are insurance companies going to be happy to actually insure these kinds of scenarios going forward?" she wonders.


"I think we need to have the law in place as robots and AI evolve so that at every step and every stage there is recourse, one way or another."

 

 

 

 

Why guns are a "red line"

 

One thing Dubai's future robot officer won't be doing is carrying a gun, says Alrazooqi.

 


Doing so would constitute a "very serious red line," argues Winfield. PAL Robotics concurs, saying its company policy is not to engage in military-style projects. Business manager at PAL Robotics Carlos Vivas admits however that military contracts are potentially extremely lucrative.

 

 

 


With funding there's always the possibility of breakthroughs in AI, but to what end?

 

 

One example -- perhaps relevant to the Dubai Police's efforts -- emerged recently from Russia.

 

 

On Twitter in April, Russia's Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin previewed the capabilities of FEDOR (Final Experimental Demonstration Object Research), an android built by the Russian Foundation for Advanced Research Projects in the Defense Industry -- an agency that's been compared to DARPA in the US.

 

 

This gunslinger appears to be able to drive cars, lift dumbbells and shoot with deadly accuracy. For reasons not fully explained, the agency say they plan to send FEDOR into space in 2021.

 

 

"Combat robotics is key to making intelligent machines," Rogozin wrote on the social network. "Shooting training is a way for machines to prioritize and, moreover, instantly make decisions. We're not creating Terminator, but an artificial intelligence."

 

 

Winfield is skeptical. Beyond the moral question of whether a robot should be allowed a weapon, he argues "artificial intelligence is not good enough" for a robot to safely carry a gun, "and is unlikely to be good enough for a very long time."


Part of the issue is bias. It's heavily prevalent in sub-sentient robots we have today. Put simply, their decision making capabilities, almost unavoidably, will be influenced by their programmers.

 

 

 



We've seen numerous examples of "algorithmic bias" in tech: translation apps assigning genders to job titles, or facial recognition technology detecting Caucasian faces, but not black. How these biases might manifest as prejudices is a crucial issue for robot policing.




Providing a reality check to both Rogozi and Dubai Police and their AI ambitions, Winfield says there's a long way to go.




"We're very good at building 'narrow' AI. That is, AI that can solve a problem -- drive a car or play chess," he explains. But general intelligence -- "learning from one domain of knowledge and then transferring it to another," like a human -- is another matter.

 

 

"We simply can't make artificial general intelligence," he adds. "It's such a difficult problem that we don't even know what problems we have to solve in order to get there."


"I'm not sure we'll never solve it -- I'm sure we will -- but not for a very long time."

 

 

"Ex Machina" (2015) imagines a near future in which artifical general intelligence has been realized.

 

This knowledge gap opens the potential for deadly mistakes. (Some will say this is no different to current policing, however.) Developments in AI remain relatively slow, but that hasn't stopped the likes of Stephen Hawking and Elon Musk raising their concerns. The latter has called AI "our biggest existential threat."



Musk and other tech influencers invested $1 billion in research group OpenAI in 2015 precisely because, if AI development must take place, the industry needs moderating voices to ensure it is developed safely and only for our collective benefit.




Especially, suggests Lightfoot, as there's no sign that nation states will reach a consensus on robot use and limitations.

 

 

"I don't think (we're) going to get a universal, global bill and act on robot law," she believes. "We cannot expect the law to be unanimous. It must be heterogenous, based on different nations having different laws, because of (their) cultures, laws and ethics."

 


 

 

 

What about us?

 

So is our paranoia justified, or are we merely wary of change? What's more likely: that robots will take our lives or our jobs?



Dubai Police say no human jobs will be lost in the move to a part-robot force, Brigadier Alrazooqi telling CNN personnel will be reassigned "to concentrate in different fields."


Nonetheless, he acknowledges it's natural for his staff to have concerns. As might we all: A McKinsey report from January estimated 1.1 billion employees globally work in roles that could be automated entirely with "currently demonstrated technology."


"RoboCop" (1987). The titular cyborg's remit was to "Serve the public, protect the innocent and uphold the law." In Paul Verhoeven's film, members of the Detroit Police Department go on strike due to RoboCop, fearing for their future employment.

 

 

 

PAL Robotics says it envisions a future in which robots work alongside humans, not replace them. "My personal opinion is that humans are very bad at predicting the future," Vivas cautions. "People predict something and it just ends up (going) in another direction."

 

 

Speculation is the lifeblood of robot ethicists, however. It's part of their job to workshop scenarios with technology not yet in existence -- and then wonder how we'll react.

 

 

Winfield believes robot law enforcement officers are "likely to be treated with disdain," and potentially exploited by the public through hacking or gaming. "Human beings are much more reassuring than robots," he adds, saying a machine cannot help engender a sense of community.

 

 

Lightfoot is more positive. "Humans will become more trusting (of robots)," she argues. "As they become more trusting, then we can move (and) engage at a higher level, to the point where we would probably trust a robot rather than a human."

 

Brigadier Alrazooqi will be hoping that by 2030, Dubai's citizens and visitors will be closer to Lightfoot's projection than Winfield's. How Dubai Police's 2020 Expo prototype will be received could be a key indicator.

 

The benefits of successfully integrating robot AI into policing are huge: more information shared more efficiently and less human officers in harm's way. On the flipside, others will see only danger. They will argue these tentative first steps should be confined to the laboratory and not played out on the streets.

 

It is, as Lightfoot puts it, a "divide between promise and peril" in the public imagination, and the battle for hearts and minds is underway.

 

In the meantime, a five foot six, 220-lb mall cop is about to begin its first day on the job.



 

 


 

 

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